Plant-Pollinator interactions are organized in bipartite, mutualistic complex networks
with two organism groups: for plants, pollinators are essential pollen vectors required for
their reproduction, while plants provide vital food resources to pollinators. Studies of plant-
pollinator networks are traditionally based either on eld observations of pollinator visits to
plant species or pollen identication by microscopy, both having strong limits. Recently, a
new innovative approach has been developed; it consists to identify the pollen of the various
plant species carried by insects or deposited on plant stigma by using DNA metabarcoding,
high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Compared to traditional approaches,
metabarcoding provides a striking dierent picture of pollination networks. Moreover, the
approach allows investigating intraspecic networks and upscaling the impacts of individual
behavior on species networks.